103 Environmental Biology (4:3-3) F. (Does not count toward biology major). A study of the needs of human beings for food, energy, and other natural resources and the effects of their actions on the air, water, soil, plants, and other animals. The diversity of life, plant anatomy and physiology, ecology and evolution will be included. Throughout the course the process of doing science is emphasized.

104 Human Biology (4:3-3) S. (Does not count toward biology major). Basic biology of humans and how to interpret emerging technologies such as DNA fingerprinting and genetic engineering. The process of doing science is emphasized.

105 Introduction to Life Science (4:3-3) F, S, SU. Introduction to biological chemistry, cellular biology, genetics, evolution, and ecology with laboratory and field experiences.

106 Organismal Biology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 103 and 104, or 105) F, S, SU. Anatomy, physiology, behavior, growth and development of plants, animals, and microorganisms, and an introduction to the diversity of life in all kingdoms of living organisms with laboratory and field experiences.

201 Invertebrate Zoology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106 or 103 and 104 with permission of the department) F. Structure, physiology, ecology, life histories, and evolutionary trends of invertebrate animals.

202 Vertebrate Zoology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106 or 103 and 104 with permission of the department) S. Classification, ecology, life histories, and evolutionary trends of vertebrate animals.

204 Introductory Marine Biology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106 or 103 and 104 with permission of the department) AF. Scope and applications of marine biology, with emphasis on coastal Carolina animals and their ecology.

205 Human Anatomy (4:2-4) (Prerequisite: 106 or 103 and 104 with permission of the department) F, S. Designed as anatomic studies for students in medical technology, nursing, and related allied health programs. Fundamental tissues, organs, and systems; anatomic terminology; early development; connective tissue, skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, genitourinary, endocrine, and integumentary systems.

206 Fall Flora (4:2-4) (Prerequisite: 106 or 103 and 104 with permission of department) F. Collection, preservation, identification, and classification of 250 native and naturalized plants in the Pee Dee Region during fall season. Most of the laboratory time is spent in the field studying the taxonomical, morphological, and ecological aspects of plants. Taxonomic keys used extensively. Students may select only two courses from the Biology 206, 207, 208 series.

207 Spring Flora (4:2-4) (Prerequisite: 106 or 103 and 104 with permission of department) S. Collection, preservation, identification, and classification of 250 native and naturalized plants in the Pee Dee Region during spring season. Most of the laboratory time is spent in the field studying the taxonomical, morphological, and ecological aspects of plants. Taxonomic keys used extensively. Students may select only two courses from the Biology 206, 207, 208 series.

208 Summer Flora (4:2-4) (Prerequisite: 106 or 103 and 104 with permission of department) SU. Collection, preservation, identification, and classification of 250 native and naturalized plants in the Pee Dee Region during the summer season. Most of the laboratory time is spent in the field studying the taxonomical, morphological, and ecological aspects of plants. Taxonomic keys used extensively. Students may select only two courses from the Biology 206, 207, 208 series.

209 Entomology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106 or 103 and 104 with permission of the department) AF. General biology of insects, including anatomy, diversity, physiology, behavior, ecology, and evolution. The lab emphasizes collection, identification, and preservation.

210 Conservation Biology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106 or 103 and 104 with permission of the department and Mathematics 111) AF. An introduction to biological diversity: its threats, values, and methods of conservation. The course will emphasize conservation theory and the design of biological reserves.

220 Introduction to Molecular Biology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106) F. An introduction to molecular processes of the cell. This course will explore the relationships between molecular and cellular structures and their functions, with special emphasis on proteins and nucleic acids and their roles in coordinating cellular activities. The course will lay a foundation for molecular biology focusing on the concepts of macromolecules, cell cycle, replication, gene expression, and cell communication.

301 Cell Biology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106 and Chemistry 201) F, S, SU. Cellular and molecular basis of cell structure and function: chemical composition and physical properties of biological molecules; organization and function of supramolecular structures, organelles, and basic cell types; enzyme action and regulation; energetics and mechanisms of biological transport; flow of energy and information; relationships between cell and whole body functions.

302 Embryology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106 and Chemistry 101-102) AF. Patterns of development of organ systems among vertebrates using the experimental approach.

303 The Plant Kingdom (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106) S. Structure, function, life histories, and evolutionary trends of vascular and nonvascular plants.

305 Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106) S. Evolution and analysis of vertebrate structure, with laboratory dissection of representative animal forms.

306 Special Topics in Biology (1), (2), (3), or (4) (Prerequisite: 106 or permission of department) F, S. In-depth study of an area of interest in biology. Different areas of study offered on a rotating basis. May be taken twice for academic credit with departmental approval.

307 Plant Anatomy and Physiology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106 and Chemistry 201) AS. The relations and processes which have to do with the fundamental structures and functions of higher plants. Topics will include plant anatomy, plant growth and reproduction, absorption of matter and energy, water relations, utilization of reserve products, and liberation of energy.

308 Aquatic Ecology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106 and Chemistry 102) F, SU. An examination of the physical, chemical, and biological dynamics of standing and flowing freshwaters and how these dynamics affect the ecology of organisms.

310 Plant Morphology and Development (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106) AS. An account of the phenomena of development in the vascular plants. Emphasizes structure, as well as experimental and analytical data to allow interpretations of plant morphogenetic events.

311 Microbiology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106) F, SU. Structure, activities, and control of microorganisms, including principles of immunology.

312 Herpetology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106) AS. The biology of amphibians and reptiles. Along with a review of these two vertebrate groups, emphasis will be placed on the identification of local species through study of specimens and field trips.

313 Mycology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106) AS. Study of the taxonomy, form and function of fungi.

314 Field Biology (4) (Prerequisite: 106 or permission of the department) SU. Extended field experience at selected locations in the United States or abroad. Individual research projects will focus on field techniques and comparing biological diversity among varying ecosystems.

315 Ornithology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106 or permission of the department). AS Anatomy, physiology, taxonomy, evolution, ecology, behavior, and identification of birds. Credit may not be earned for Biology 315 and 501.

316 Evolutionary Biology (3) (Prerequisite: 106) AS. Topics include the theory of natural selection, mechanisms of evolutionary change, the fossil record, biogeography, molecular evolution, speciation, phylogeny reconstruction and evolutionary rates.

401 Genetics (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106 and Chemistry 201) F, S, SU. Mendelian genetics, the chromosome, probability, and mapping in diploids, fungi, bacteria, and viruses; chemical basis of DNA replication and mutation and the genetic code.

402 Terrestrial Ecology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106 and Chemistry 102) F. Structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems, communities, and populations; relationships of organisms (including human beings) to their environments.

406 Human Physiology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106 and Chemistry 102 and 20 hours of biology or permission of department) F, S. Structure and function of the major organs and systems of man, emphasizing their mechanisms of operation, including clinical considerations.

407 Immunology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106 and Chemistry 201 or permission of the department) S. Cellular and molecular basis of the immune response; antibody structure and function; antigen-antibody interactions, applications; immunogenetics; hypersensitivity.

408 Population Ecology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 20 hours in biology or permission of department) AF. Conceptual and quantitative approach to the ecology and dynamics of natural populations and communities from an evolutionary perspective. Direct practical applications in fisheries, game and natural resource management, and conservation will be discussed.

410 Vertebrate Physiology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106 and Chemistry 101 and 102 or permission of the department) S. The study of the function of the major organ systems in different classes of vertebrate animals. The relationship between the physiology and ecology of species will also be investigated.

411 Ecology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106 and Chemistry 102) S. General principles of ecology of individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems from an evolutionary perspective. The scientific method will be stressed.

497 Special Studies (3), (2), or (1) (Prerequisite: Permission of department) F, S, SU. Open only to juniors or seniors with a GPA of 3.0 or higher in their major courses. A maximum of 3 semester hours may be earned. Academic Committee approval required for each seminar and practicum. All individual research projects are reviewed by three faculty members from two different disciplines.

498 Biology Internship (1) or (2) (Prerequisite: Permission of department). Independent work under the direction of a professional biologist which may include teaching, research, or other service. A maximum of 3 semester hours may be earned.

499 Senior Seminar (1:2) (Prerequisite: 24 hours in Biology or permission of the department. To be taken the semester prior to or semester of graduation.) F, S. The course will include reviews of the concepts from the core curriculum of Biology. Seminars will be presented on biological research, on career opportunities, and on post-graduate educational planning. During the course the students' knowledge of Biology will be assessed by laboratory presentations and the internal and external exit exams.

501 Ornithology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: 106 or permission of department) AS. Anatomy, physiology, taxonomy, evolution, ecology, behavior, and identification of birds. With written departmental approval, seniors may take courses numbered 500-599 for either undergraduate or graduate credit. Designation of credits as undergraduate must be made at registration. Freshmen, sophomores, and juniors may not take 500-level courses. Credit may not be earned in Biology 315 and 501.

515 Special Topics in Biology for Elementary Teachers (4), (3), (2), or (1) (Prerequisite: Bachelors degree) As Needed. Designed to give elementary teachers an opportunity to learn information and laboratory techniques to help them teach biology. With written departmental approval, seniors may take courses numbered 500-599 for either undergraduate or graduate credit.

602 Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecology (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: Eligibility for certification in science and bachelor's degree or permission of department). Structure and function of marine and terrestrial ecosystems with emphasis on southeastern United States. Lecture, Laboratory, and field trips.

615 Special Topics in Biology for High School Teachers (4), (3), (2), or (1) (Prerequisite: Teacher's certificate to teach high school biology).

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE COURSE (ENVS)

201 Environmental Science (4:3-3) (Prerequisite: Biology 106; Chemistry 102). Broad introduction to environmental issues and problems, and their technical solutions through environmental science applications. Includes discussions of political, economic and ethical issues.